Table 8 Estimation results based on the Heckman-model at the country level

 0 – 1000 km

−2.971*

−2.875*

−1.768*

−3.369*

−4.139*

−2.592*

−4.237*

−2.089*

−3.003*

−2.596*

(−12.67)

(−13.72)

(−3.64)

(−10.00)

(−11.82)

(−10.60)

(−17.40)

(−6.18)

(−16.07)

(−13.63)

 1000 – 2000 km

−2.393*

−2.226*

−0.374

−0.556

−1.162*

−3.156*

−2.497*

−1.547*

−2.773*

−3.079*

(−10.19)

(−10.81)

(−0.64)

(−1.59)

(−2.87)

(−12.80)

(−9.79)

(−4.12)

(−15.06)

(−17.08)

 > 2000 km

−0.970*

−0.511*

−0.0223

−2.159*

−0.724*

−1.048*

−1.339*

−0.688*

−1.103*

−0.943*

(−14.33)

(−9.76)

(−0.10)

(−16.16)

(−5.35)

(−13.54)

(−16.43)

(−5.31)

(−21.16)

(−20.07)

 Ln(origin gdp)

0.897*

0.903*

0.538*

0.991*

0.760*

0.984*

1.158*

0.239*

1.130*

1.171*

(28.96)

(39.97)

(5.20)

(19.00)

(13.90)

(31.05)

(29.75)

(3.76)

(56.82)

(70.38)

 Ln(dest. Gdp)

0.761*

0.720*

0.565*

0.818*

0.976*

0.901*

0.762*

0.824*

0.981*

0.856*

(29.98)

(41.05)

(6.72)

(21.20)

(13.81)

(33.40)

(27.51)

(15.73)

(54.91)

(57.37)

 Ln(orig. Gdp/cap)

−0.301*

−0.180*

−1.217*

−0.483*

−0.395*

−0.261*

−0.396*

−0.455*

0.163*

0.122*

(−9.48)

(−7.58)

(−12.05)

(−7.69)

(−6.54)

(−6.87)

(−10.08)

(−6.39)

(5.86)

(5.48)

 Ln(dest. Gdp/cap)

−0.0488

−0.0781*

0.371*

0.276*

−0.100

−0.110*

−0.160*

−0.371*

−0.157*

−0.0943*

(−1.60)

(−3.13)

(3.26)

(5.53)

(−1.62)

(−3.28)

(−4.59)

(−6.40)

(−6.73)

(−4.61)

 Constant

28.83*

28.57*

15.23*

32.63*

40.96*

21.23*

41.89*

19.87*

26.03*

22.24*

(9.16)

(10.11)

(2.72)

(7.34)

(9.29)

(6.44)

(13.02)

(4.69)

(10.32)

(8.63)

 0 – 1000 km

−1.348*

−0.911*

−0.751*

−1.801*

−1.510*

−0.991*

−1.751*

−1.470*

−1.413*

−2.426+

(−3.89)

(−2.74)

(−4.88)

(−6.62)

(−8.42)

(−4.20)

(−6.50)

(−8.96)

(−3.84)

(−1.73)

 1000 – 2000 km

−1.384*

−1.094*

−1.102*

−0.917*

−1.405*

−1.766*

−1.318*

−0.843*

−1.660*

−1.050*

(−8.18)

(−6.30)

(−8.65)

(−6.28)

(−10.54)

(−10.84)

(−8.65)

(−6.62)

(−8.42)

(−3.90)

 > 2000 km

−0.245*

0.0569+

−0.238*

−0.693*

−0.284*

−0.560*

−0.441*

−0.354*

−0.443*

−0.282*

(−7.94)

(1.77)

(−6.11)

(−21.10)

(−8.11)

(−16.77)

(−13.18)

(−10.20)

(−12.57)

(−7.03)

 ln(origin gdp)

0.420*

0.328*

0.259*

0.440*

0.322*

0.526*

0.576*

0.386*

0.491*

0.376*

(38.70)

(29.97)

(20.62)

(38.45)

(27.82)

(42.12)

(44.86)

(31.70)

(38.98)

(27.42)

 Ln(dest. Gdp)

0.278*

0.144*

0.183*

0.240*

0.469*

0.364*

0.300*

0.301*

0.339*

0.236*

(28.95)

(14.89)

(15.13)

(24.28)

(37.57)

(33.26)

(28.16)

(26.84)

(29.74)

(19.27)

 Ln(orig. Gdp/cap)

−0.208*

−0.0809*

0.0827*

0.221*

−0.0297+

0.152*

0.109*

0.196*

0.338*

0.179*

(−15.57)

(−5.98)

(4.30)

(14.41)

(−1.86)

(10.38)

(7.20)

(11.23)

(21.99)

(11.45)

 Ln(dest. Gdp/cap)

0.0248+

0.0834*

0.142*

−0.00516

0.0499*

−0.0346*

0.0251+

−0.118*

−0.124*

−0.0637*

(1.91)

(6.21)

(7.38)

(−0.37)

(2.98)

(−2.43)

(1.73)

(−7.58)

(−8.37)

(−3.83)

 Both member of EU or EFTA

0.832*

0.725*

0.0739

0.595*

0.325*

0.611*

0.595*

0.202*

1.359*

7.693

(6.95)

(5.48)

(0.96)

(6.34)

(4.06)

(5.16)

(5.89)

(2.68)

(6.10)

(0.00)

 Both EURO as currency

0.199

0.201

0.589*

−0.295*

0.348*

0.198

0.0554

0.125

0.280

0.624

(1.06)

(0.97)

(6.07)

(−2.30)

(3.06)

(1.11)

(0.38)

(1.20)

(0.76)

(0.00)

 Neighbour countries

0.430

0.638

0.861*

0.617*

0.231

0.000327

0.674+

0.334*

−0.173

6.109

(0.99)

(1.45)

(5.78)

(1.97)

(1.30)

(0.00)

(1.89)

(2.04)

(−0.48)

(0.00)

 Both same language

0.299*

0.268*

0.180*

0.295*

0.263*

0.155+

0.388*

0.367*

0.458*

0.153+

(3.92)

(3.26)

(2.24)

(3.73)

(3.60)

(1.93)

(4.84)

(4.94)

(5.23)

(1.66)

 Constant

11.47*

8.843+

5.977*

19.11*

12.25*

5.978+

16.00*

12.74*

13.35*

29.64

(2.42)

(1.94)

(2.88)

(5.15)

(5.05)

(1.87)

(4.36)

(5.76)

(2.65)

(1.53)

 athrho_cons

0.163*

0.0460

−0.0216

0.449*

0.354*

0.179*

0.199*

0.381*

0.0787*

0.109*

(3.07)

(0.80)

(−0.14)

(7.79)

(4.83)

(4.76)

(4.12)

(5.24)

(2.30)

(2.65)

 lnsigma_cons

0.947*

0.846*

1.179*

1.264*

1.168*

0.968*

0.942*

1.083*

0.732*

0.767*

(99.86)

(105.69)

(61.56)

(84.99)

(62.99)

(94.15)

(83.68)

(52.31)

(82.87)

(100.09)

N

10,205

10,205

10,205

10,205

10,205

10,205

10,205

10,205

10,205

10,205