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Table 2 Port sustainability studies, TBLs dimensions, and scope

From: Revisiting port sustainability as a foundation for the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs)

Study

Objective

TBLs

Scope

Peris-Mora et al. (2005)

Studied the potential 63 environmental impacts in ports and established 17 environmental indicators

Envi

Int

Darbra et al. (2009)

Studied the EU ports environmental issues and presented the self-diagnosis method (SDM)

Envi/soc

Int

Lam and Van De Voorde (2012)

Built a framework for green port strategy

Env/Eco

Int/Ext

Lirn et al. (2013)

Examined green port performance criteria (externalities) and presented 17 green performance indicators

Envi & soc

Int

Yap and Lam (2013)

Studied container ports’ spatial planning and development and presented the impact on port sustainability

Env/Soc

Int/Ext

Shiau and Chuang (2013)

Studied the sustainability indicators (case study of Keelung port-Taiwan) and identified 34 sustainability indictors

TBL

Int

Lam and Notteboom (2014)

Presented port authorities’ green tools in leading Asian and European ports (green ports)

Envi

Int/Ext

Acciaro et al. (2014)

Assessed the success of ports’ innovations in terms of environmental sustainability

Envi

Int

Chiu et al. (2014)

Studied green port operation and revealed five green priorities

Envi & soc

Int

Puig et al. (2015)

Studied Environmental issues in European ports and provided a Tool for the identification and assessment of Environmental Aspects in Ports (TEAP)

Envi

Int

Asgari et al. (2015)

Ranked the UK ports’ sustainability based on nine criteria and five sub-criteria

Envi & Eco

Int

Davarzani et al. (2016)

Reviewed green ports and maritime logistics

Envi

Int

Sislian et al. (2016)

Literature reviewed port sustainability

TBL

Int

Roh et al. (2016)

Studied the internal and external management aspects of sustainable ports based on six management criteria

TBL

Int/Ext

Lu et al. (2016b)

Assessed the ports sustainability criteria and reports

TBL

Int/Ext

Santos et al. (2016)

Investigated sustainability communication practices in the European seaport sector

Soc

Ext

Puig et al. (2017)

Studied Environmental issues in European ports and Provided a Tool for Identification and Implementation of Environmental Indicators (TEIP)

Envi

Int

Laxe et al. (2017)

Development of port sustainability “global synthetic indicators”, based on 9 indicators

TBL

Int

Oh et al. (2018)

Presented the criteria for assessing sustainability of ports in south Korea, and Identified 27 sustainability assessment items

TBL

Int

Lim et al. (2019)

Reviewed and synthesised port operational and management indicators for sustainability based on 30 indicators

TBL

Int/Ext

Bjerkan and Seter (2019)

Reviewed and structured port sustainability in port management and policies, power and fuels, sea activities, and land activities

Env

Int/Ext

Notteboom et al. (2020)

Presented ports’ role in the pursuit of green supply chain management through five actions

Env

Int/Ext

Hossain et al. (2020)

Investigated global ports’ implementation of sustainability initiatives

TBL

Int

Castellano et al. (2020)

Evaluated the relation between port environmental quality and economic efficiency (Italian Ports)

Env/Eco

Int

This study

Develops a port holistic sustainability framework that integrates TBLs in internal and external actions and measures while drawing an association with UN SDGs

TBL and UN SDGs

Int/Ext

  1. Int, internal, Ext, external