Table 3 Air pollution management actions and measures.

Air emission reduction^a

Establish emission inventory and energy consumption

Monitoring of CHE, ships’, and trucks’ emissions

Replacement of polluting equipment or engine exchange (with cleaner ones)

Electrification, hybridisation of CHE (e.g., electric RTGs for containers and shore-side pumps for bulk liquids)

Use of emission reduction/control technology (pre-after treatment retrofit), such as the Diesel retrofit technologies (Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) or Selective Catalytic Reductor (SCR))

Use of low-sulphur fuel and renewable alternative fuels (hydrogen, LNG, ammonia, renewable diesel and methane)

Promote public and environment-friendly transport (employees’ sustainable mobility through shuttle bus, carpooling, cycling)

Onshore power supply (OPS) for ships (e.g., for energy intensive cruise and containers ships), and tugboats and pilot boats when stationary and idling

Providing power supply (charging stations) for electrified trucks

Provision of alternative fuel bunkering for ships (e.g., LNG)

Reduce truck congestion (e.g., using off-dock staging yards and chassis, building dry ports and inland depots, manging truck empty return, and utilising the Authorized Economic Operator System (AEO), automatic clearance and extended gate hours)

Reduce trucks’ emissions through ban of old trucks, terminal appointment system (TAS), truck identity card, traffic mitigation fees, and off-peak traffic shift

Enforce modal split (from road to rail, inland waterways and pipeline)

Manage motorways of the seas (MoS)

Dust and odour reduction

Utilise dust and smoke recycle measures (e.g., for dry bulk ships)

Build physical barriers to stop/reduce dispersion of air pollutant (e.g., tree belts, walls)

Minimise Volatile Organic Components (VOC) emitted during loading and unloading operations (liquid bulk ships)