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Table 4 Marine biology conservation actions and measures.

From: Revisiting port sustainability as a foundation for the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs)

Areas for action

Measures

Limit and treat sediment

Reuse of dredging sediments

Control port entrance sediment and coastal erosion

Deposit (dispose) sediments in a separated area

Avoid dredging destruction

Monitor dredging operations (pre and after dredging sampling)

Source, lease and permit environmentally friendly dredgers

Remediation of contaminated sites and mitigation of turbidity

Protect habitat quality (underwater and above water areas)

Ecological monitoring and mitigation in port areas for habitat quality, preservation, and wetland restoration

Expansion of tidal areas for habitat restoration

Creation of local sanctuaries for birds and fish in and around port areas

Soil pollution monitoring

Buying, creating, selling, and banking ecological service credits (i.e., wetland, grassland, and forest) to offset development impacts on wetlands

Establishment of buffer zones for endangered coral relocation

Fish bubble curtains along harbour entrances to keep fish out of the dredging area

Monitor and control of ship’s fouling (antifouling), and discharge of effluents

Flood control

Prevention of floods by proper training and using innovative technologies