Table 5 Climate change mitigation and adaptation actions and measures.

Adaptation actions

Building walls and beach restoration

Protecting against coastal erosion

Use of climate change monitoring applications

Establishment of natural defences, e.g., planting mangroves, and creating oyster reefs that grow with sea level rise and protect shorelines and ports from high waves and erosion

Consideration of climate sensitive designs

Mitigation actions (GHG reduction and energy efficiency)

Establishment of energy consumption inventory and carbon footprinting, including shipping and land transport

Use of renewable energy technologies (wind, solar, ocean, geothermal)

Energy consumption reduction through insulation, coating, and painting of buildings, storage, warehouses, and using reefer sheds

Use of the after pre and after treatment technologies in CHE (e.g., Methane catalyst reductor)

Design of energy efficient infrastructure through adopting the LEED standard for green building energy efficiency designs (passive house concept), and microclimate models

Use of LED lights and automatic sensors

Use of energy efficiency technologies (e.g., smart grids, microgrids, smart load management, regenerative energy reclamation, virtual power plants, energy storage systems, energy saving tyres)

Eco driving, idle control and reduction, slow steaming, speed reduction

Control of heat, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)

Operational efficiency planning (e.g., cranes and yard planning)

Use of biomasses to generate power and heat

Introducing carbon sequestration, capture and storage projects