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Table 9 Observing the impact of digital adoption on efficiency by size category

From: Digital adoption and efficiency in the maritime industry

 

Broadband Internet Connection

Enterprise Resource Planning

Customer Relationship Management

Ecommerce Website

Sophisticated Cloud Computing

1st Principal Component

Frontier growth

0.2304***

0.2194***

0.2262***

0.2231***

0.2318***

0.2444***

 

(0.0303)

(0.0293)

(0.0298)

(0.0296)

(0.0301)

(0.0313)

Gap to frontier

0.111***

0.111***

0.112***

0.111***

0.114***

0.115***

 

(0.0036)

(0.0032)

(0.0035)

(0.0032)

(0.0036)

(0.0044)

Age

− 0.0002***

− 0.0002***

− 0.0002***

− 0.0003***

− 0.0003***

− 0.0003***

 

(5.74e-05)

(5.41e-05)

(5.68–05)

(5.55e-05)

(5.69e-05)

(6.47e-05)

Size category 2 (dummy)

0.0237***

0.0213***

0.0239***

0.0286***

0.0292***

0.0266***

 

(0.0024)

(0.0038)

(0.0027)

(0.0026)

(0.0019)

(0.0017)

Size category 3 (dummy)

0.0577***

0.0398***

0.0531***

0.0596***

0.0638***

0.0566***

 

(0.0071)

(0.0072)

(0.0078)

(0.0063)

(0.0061)

(0.0057)

Size category 4 (dummy)

0.0836***

0.0597***

0.0815***

0.0924***

0.0916***

0.0796***

 

(0.0085)

(0.0083)

(0.0085)

(0.0085)

(0.0081)

(0.0074)

Digital technology (Size category 1)

0.1507***

0.0833*

0.1921***

0.1204**

0.0986

0.0252***

 

(0.0263)

(0.0345)

(0.0285)

(0.0383)

(0.0502)

(0.0041)

Digital technology (Size category 2)

0.1573***

0.0989**

0.199***

0.1054**

0.0738

0.0249***

 

(0.0267)

(0.0331)

(0.0267)

(0.0364)

(0.0479)

(0.0037)

Digital technology (Size category 3)

0.136***

0.129***

0.1967***

0.0922*

0.0271

0.0236***

 

(0.0279)

(0.0291)

(0.0271)

(0.0367)

(0.0492)

(0.0032)

Digital technology (Size category 4)

0.1214***

0.136***

0.1751***

− 0.0429

− 0.0198

0.0206***

 

(0.0305)

(0.0295)

(0.0281)

(0.0359)

(0.0485)

(0.0029)

R-squared

0.057

0.057

0.058

0.057

0.059

0.060

  1. ***, ** and * correspond to p < 0.01, p < 0.05 and p < 0.1 respectively. All regressions include division and country-year fixed effects and are grouped at the country-division level. Shipping firms being at the division-year frontier are not included into the regressions. Regressions are based on shipping firm-level data from the 27 EU countries and 2 divisions (NACE Rev.2, Section H) over the period 2015–2020 for firms with a minimum of 10 employees. To expand exposure, unweighted averages of each digital technology indicator have been used over the same period