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Table 1 Gravity models for freight flows estimation

From: Assessment of freight traffic flows and harmful emissions in euro-mediterranean context: scenario analyses based on a gravity model

Authors, year

Study description

Study area

Data period

Kalirajan (1999)

Stochastic gravity model to estimate the potential trade flows between countries varying model coefficients

Australia, its trading partners in the Indian Ocean

 

Rose et al. (2000)

Gravity model to assess the separate effects of exchange rate volatility and currency unions on international trade

186 countries

1970–1990

Egger (2002)

Comparison among several models to demonstrate, that the choice of the econometric set-up is of great relevance for the calculation of bilateral trade potentials

OECD countries, 10 Central and Eastern European countries

1986–1997

Egger (2004)

Three different methods to obtain a global regional trade blocking effect with panel data

OECD economies to 47 partner countries

1986–1997

Kang and Fratianni (2006)

Stochastic frontier estimation to quantify trade efficiency as the distance between trade flows and the maximum possible trade flows predicted

177 countries

1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 1999

Kandogan (2007)

Different gravity models to compare and evaluate the specifications proposed in the literature and to examine the role of blocs in trade across different models

99 countries

1992–1999

Chen et al. (2007)

Gravity model, considering trade indicators, to analyze the degree of trade concentration. The variables have been into 3 groups in relation to market size; distance and regional composition

10 countries in the East Asia

1990–2005

Martínez et al. (2009)

Static and dynamic gravity model to evaluate the effects of preferential agreements on trade, using a panel data technique

15 countries of EU, NAFTA, CARICOM, MCCA, MAGHREB

1980–1999

Leusin and de Azevedo (2009)

Gravity model, using cross-sectional to analyze the border effect for goods

26 brazilian states + the Federal District, 40 other countries

1999

Madhusoodanan (2010)

Augmented gravity model to examine the impact of a set of macroeconomic and other policy factors on trade flows

SAARC region

 

Blanes and Milgram (2010)

Gravity model, using data disaggregated by region and industries, to analyze the impact of the free trade area considering tariffs at the industry level

EU and Morocco on the exports of the Spanish regions

1999–2002

García et al. (2013)

Augmented gravity model to examine annual bilateral exchanges considering variables of the international trade volume and direction

75 Mercosur countries

1980–2008

Vijil (2014)

Gravity model to show the complementarities between the aid for trade and regional economic integration

185 countries

1995–2005

Dragutinović-Mitrović and Bjelić (2015)

Gravity model to investigate the role of different trade regimes in determining the bilateral trade, using panel data

Western Balkan countries and the enlarged EU

2001–2010

Bermeo and Oh (2016)

Gravity model to examine Peru’s trade patterns by analyzing the country’s bilateral trade flows. The empirical results using the Tobit model for the whole dataset are consistent with the general prediction of the gravity model

186 countries

1990–2011

Bary and Setyodewanti (2016)

Gravity model, using panel-bilateral manufacturing trade, and comparing the trade creation and trade diversion effects across countries in relation to the implementation of a Regional Trade Agreement

Southeast Asia

1990–2012

Ahcar and Siroën (2017)

Gravity model to test the effect of depth on trade, considering additive indicators as factor variables and use multiple correspondence analysis, to obtain distilled indicators of deep integration

153 countries

1980–2012

Suárez et al. (2021)

Gravity model with two distance variables which are built as modernity factors of culture and productive and institutional apparatus

21 regions of Colombia

1995–2015