Table 4 Performance parameters p for each alternative i for the average, unregulated, 2020 scenario.
Evaluation criteria | Unit | HFO | LNG | FAME | HVO | UPO | UBO | FTD | LBM | NH3 | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technological maturity | TRL | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 5,5 | 4,5 | 7 | 10 | 5,5 | |
Availability of infrastructure | – | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | |
Engine compatibility | – | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | DNV GL (2019), E4Tech (2018), Hsieh and Felby (2017), Hansson et al. (2020a, b) |
Fuel volumetric energy density | MJ/l | 41 | 22,2 | 33,2 | 34,3 | 34 | 34 | 34,5 | 22,2 | 12,7 | Aatola et al. (2009), Agrilink (2019), Hacker and Kordesch (2010), DNV GL (2019), E4Tech (2018) |
Compliance with emission regulations | – | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | Noor et al. (2018), NH3 Fuel Association (2018), Bergsma et al. (2019) |
GHG emissions: well-to-tank | gCO2eq/MJ | 14,3 | 21,2 | 32 | 30 | 34,5 | 22 | 5 | 19,5 | 7 | E4Tech (2018), European Parlement and Council (2009), Pavlenko et al. (2020) |
GHG emissions: tank-to-propeller | gCO2eq/MJ | 81,2 | 57,5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Pavlenko et al. (2020), Cherubini et al. (2009), IPCC (nb), Edwards et al. (2017) |
Safety of fuel technology | – | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | |
Long-term global availability of fuel | – | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | van der Kroft (2020), Noor et al. (2018), Hafiee and Topal (2009) |
Feedstock competition with food | – | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 |