Maritime fuels of the future: what is the impact of alternative fuels on the optimal economic speed of large container vessels

Journal of Shipping and Trade

Table 6 Fuel production and distribution cost for considered alternative fuel technologies in the average, unregulated 2020 scenario.

Alternative	Production cost		Distribution cost		Total cost		Sources
	[$/MWh]		[$/MWh]		[$/MWh]
	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max
HFO (IFO-380)	30.5	34.8	–	–	30.5	34.8	Clarksons (2021); Chevron Marine (n.d.)
UBO via HTL	60.3	145.5	0.0	0.6	60.3	146.1	Demirbas (2005), Tzanetis et al. (2017)
FTD	61.0	165.6	0.0	0.6	61.0	166.2	Lappas and Heracleous (2011), EC (2017), Saddler et al. (2020), E4tech (2017)
LBM (bio-LNG)	46.0	144.9	11.3	18.9^a	46.0	144.9	GIIGNL (2009), EC (2017), Saddler et al. (2020), E4tech (2018)
Ammonia	39.0	118.8	19.8	73.3^b	58.7	192.1	Hacker and Kordesch (2010), DNVGL (2019), Hochman et al. (2020)

^aDistribution and liquefaction costs of LBM are assumed equal to LNG
^bAmmonia is assumed to be stored and distributed under 1 bar and – 33 °C or 10 bar and 20 °C at equal cost