Table 6 Review use of market access indicators and other variables in port efficiency studies

Bergantino and Musso (2011)

Regional GDP, employment and population, EU average (NUTS 3)

Access to main rail network (dummy)

Bergantino et al. (2013)

Regional GDP, employment and population, EU average (NUTS 3)

Access to main rail network (dummy)

Chang et al. (2018)

GDP of city closest to the port

Financial crisis; TEUs; emission control dummy

Chen et al. (2018)

National economic growth rate

Liner shipping connectivity index

Region

Cheon (2009)

Harris market potential (country GDP)

Coto-Millán et al. (2016)

Percentage of foreign trade and regional GDP; Percentage of domestic trade within national GDP

Regulatory reforms (dummies)

de Oliveira and Cariou (2015)

Port city population

Liner shipping connectivity index

Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (distance-based)

Hub/gateway (dummy)

Ding et al. (2015)

Number of workers with bachelor’s degree or higher

Number of shipping routes

Number of terminal operators

Domestic shipping lines; Registered capital

Ferreira et al. (2018)

Regional GDP per capita

European region dummy; Water depth

Port management model; Performance indicators

Gutiérrez et al. (2015)

Number of shipping companies; Number of shipping lines

Cluster (dummy)

Main port (dummy)

Huang et al. (2018)

Port city GDP; Proportion of middle and senior professionals

Number of routes; Berth depth; Hinterland traffic density

Liu (1995)

Region dummy

Size dummy; Owner ship type dummies; Capital intensity

Niavis and Tsekeris (2012)

Per capita regional GDP; Regional population

Distance to Suez

Port area; Operator type (public/private)

Pérez et al. (2016)

Location dummy

Number of terminals per port (dummy)

Transshipment port dummy

Polyzos and Niavis (2013)

Port city population

Distance to main route Suez-Gibraltar

Port area

Schøyen et al. (2018)

Ice season dummy

Port authority type; service quality indicators (customs; logistics quality; infrastructure)

Serebrisky et al. (2016)

Per capita country income; country GDP

Liner shipping connectivity index; trade openness index

Landlord dummy; port specialization dummy; corruption index

Song and Liu (2019)

Regional per capita GDP; regional total fixed asset; FDI share of regional GDP; regional population density

Regional internet access (user share of regional population)

Freight milage divided by network size

Suárez-Alemán et al. (2016)

Country GDP growth

Liner shipping connectivity index; trade openness index; direct rail links

Transshipment port dummy; ship crane dummy

Tovar and Wall (2022)

Port liner shipping connectivity index

Output concentration; relative specialization

Wan et al. (2014)

Population within 250-miles from port

Number of class 1 railroad connections; On-dock rail facility; Metropolitan road congestion index

Number of operators; port scale of operation

Wanke (2013)

Number of highway accesses; number of accessing channels; rivereine access dummy; railroad access dummy

Hinterland area; Administration type; cargo type dummy

Wanke and Barros (2015)

Number of highway accesses; number of accessing channels; rivereine access dummy; railroad access dummy

Hinterland area; Public private partnership dummy; cargo type dummy

Yan et al. (2009)

Country GDP; imports and exports

Water depth; number of liners calling

Number of operators and terminals

Port group; continental distribution

Yuen et al. (2013)

Region GDP within 500 km from port; average wage; population within 500 km from port

Distance to the nearest port; number of terminal operators at the city

Chinese ownership share

Ziran et al. (2017)

Total import and export; city GDP

Port city area; length of main arteries

Financial level; information level; industrialization level (indicators)