Table 2 Principles of CE

Designing out waste and pollution

To eliminate waste and pollution starting from the by designing products and systems that are restorative and regenerative.

Keeping products and materials in use

To keep resources in use for as long as possible, through recycling, repairing, and repurposing

Regenerating natural systems

To restore and regenerate natural systems and using resources in a way that supports their long-term health and productivity

Shift to renewable energy sources

To move away from fossil fuels and transition to renewable energy sources like green hydrogen, solar, wind, and geothermal. This will help to regenerate the planet

Build resilience through diversity

To build a more resilient economy by diversifying supply chains and creating more local and regional systems

Applied cascades

To maximize the value of resources by using them in cascading systems, where the waste or by-products of one process become the inputs for another. This is the closing loop concept

Re-think and innovate

To rethink traditional business models and finding new and innovative ways to create value and meet consumer needs

Think integrated (in system)

To think about the entire system and how all the different parts are interconnected, in order to create a more sustainable and efficient economy