Table 3 Technical and Biological Circular Business Models (CBM)s

Delivery on demand (DOD)

Producing a product or providing a service only when a consumer demand has been quantified and confirmed

Sharing models and collaborative consumption (SCC)

Industrial ports allow and promotes facilitating sharing of under-utilized products or equipment, and can therefore reduce demand for new products or equipment, and their embedded raw materials. It also enhance utilization and capacity management. (Sharing)

Design for recycling or dematerialization (DFR)

Industrial ports demand from suppliers to modify designs to be more modular and reengineer to allow more recycling or dematerialization (maintain/prolong)

Retain Product Ownership (RPO) or Product as a Service (PSS)

Industrial port suppliers and contractors offer products for use with retention of products ownership which incentivizes increase in resource productivity along the whole life cycle (reduce/redistribute)

Product Life Extension (PLE)

Industrial ports extend the use period of existing products, slow the flow of constituent materials through the economy, and reduce the rate of resource extraction and waste generation (refurbish/remanufacture)

Resource Recovery, Recycle and Upcycle (RRU)

Industrial ports host facilities that recover usable resources or energy from waste or by-products. Ports offer logistics capabilities as an added-value service. (recycle)

Green Supply Service (GSS)

Port suppliers replace traditional material inputs derived from virgin resources with bio-based, renewable, or recovered materials, reduce demand for virgin resource extraction in the long run (parts and product manufacturing/service provider/purchasing)

Sustainable Food, Agriculture and Aquaculture (SFA)

Organizations in the port can multiply the value of this sector with product diversification, product differentiation, high-value and premium-quality products and services, waste reduction, resource and land use efficiency improvement. Reduction of food waste should be a priority. (cascading & farming and collection)

Cascading for Medical and Wellness (CMW) (by product)

The principle of cascading, the sequential and consecutive use of resources, is a potential method to create added value in circular economy (CE) practices. Cascading can be applied for other sectors such as food by-product or wood, textiles, coffee grounds and tyres (cascading)

Bioenergy, Biomass and Biochemical Production (BBB)

Industrial ports explore production of energy with non-fossil fuels. This vision will require intensive research in energy storage systems. As for the materials and biochemical sector, cutting-edge technologies need to be developed and employed to convert biomass and agricultural by-products to high-value commodities such as bioplastics, fibers and pharmaceuticals. (Bio-feedstock, anaerobic digestion, regeneration)