Table 4 Examples of Industrial symbiosis
Industrial areas—Eco-Park | Description |
|---|---|
Kalundborg Symbiosis | The symbiosis involves a network of companies that share resources and by-products in order to reduce waste and improve resource efficiency |
Kwinana Industrial Area | The area is home to several companies that collaborate to reduce waste and promote sustainability, including a cement company that uses waste from a nearby nickel refinery as a raw material |
Port of Rotterdam | The has implemented several industrial symbiosis initiatives, including the Rotterdam Heat Grid, which uses waste heat from local industries to heat homes and buildings |
Symbiosis Center Denmark | The organization connects companies across Denmark and helps them find opportunities for collaboration and resource sharing |
Port of Amsterdam | The port connects companies and organizations in the port area to exchange resources such as energy, water, and waste. For example, residual heat from waste-to-energy plants is used to heat greenhouses, and steam from industrial processes is used to generate electricity |
Kemi-Tornio Industrial Park | In this port the waste heat from a stainless steel plant is used to dry wood chips, which are then used as fuel in a bioenergy plant |
Symbiosis in Güssing, Austria | The town has a biogas plant, which produces electricity and heat from agricultural waste and organic materials. The heat generated by the biogas plant is used to heat buildings and greenhouses, and excess electricity is sold to the national grid |
Høje-Taastrup, Denmark | The municipality of Høje-Taastrup in Denmark has implemented an industrial symbiosis program, which connects companies to exchange resources such as energy, water, and waste. Example, Waste heat from a brewery is used to heat a swimming pool, and excess water from a pharmaceutical plant is used for irrigation |