Table 2 Overview of studies about effect modal shift on external costs of freight transport
Modal shift study | Country, region, corridor | Types of external effects | Transport modes | Size modal shift | Decrease external costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rondaij et al. (2020) | Netherlands, corridors East and South | GHG-emissions (CO2) | From road to rail and inland waterways | What-if: 20% of tonkm container transport by road over more than 100 km shifts | 2,8% reduction of total CO2-emissions of container transport on corridors East and South in 2030 |
TNO (2017) | Several corridors in Netherlands, specific attention for the freight railway ‘Betuweroute’ | GHG-emissions (CO2) | From road to rail | Whole Netherlands: in areas with ‘overlap’ between road and rail: 20% (of transported weight) for containers, 30% for break bulk. 2,8 mln ton can shift to ‘Betuweroute’ | Whole Netherlands 2014: decrease CO2 emissions is equal to 10% of emissions of road transport breakbulk + containers |
Nocera et al. (2018) | Italy, Brenner corridor (both directions) | Air pollutant emissions GHG emission (CO2) Noise Congestion Traffic accidents | From road to rail | 0–30 mln ton per year. Ingrowth 2015–2035 | €262 mln total in period 2015–2035 |
Vierth et al. (2019) | From Stockholm to Hamburg (one direction) | Air pollutant emissions GHG-emissions (CO2) Noise Capacity restrictions Traffic accidents Water pollution | From rail _ short-sea to short-sea only | 120.000 TEU per year | -€1,7 mln per year, 2010 |
Boehm et al. (2021) | Corridor Madrid-Vienna (both directions) | GHG-emissions (CO2) | From road to rail | 42% of transported weight from road to high speed rail in 2030 | 79% decrease of CO2 emissions/costs |
Janic en Vleugel (2012) | Trans-European corridor Netherlands—Greece/Turkey (both directions) | GHG-emissions (CO2) Noise Congestion Traffic accidents | From road to rail | 1559 trucks per week shift to 63 trains per week | 30% decrease of external costs |
Pinchasik et al. (2020) | Norway, Sweden, Denmark | GHG-emissions (CO2) Air pollutant emissions | Road, rail, sea | Change in transport volume and transport performance compared to reference 2030, depending on (mix of) policy measures taken: Road: [− 0,2%, 0,5%] tons, [− 8,3%, − 0,3%] tonkm Rail: [− 0,1%, 12,2%] tons, [− 0,4%, 47,4%] tonkm Sea: [− 0,8%, 0,2%] tons, [− 0,4%, 0,3%] tonkm | Change in emissions compared to reference depending on (mix of) policy measures: CO2, eq: [− 3,6%, 0,1%] NOx: [− 1,1%, 0,3%] PM: [− 0,9%, 0,4%] |